Practice & Litigation Law India | Civil, Criminal, Family, PIL, Writs | Nyayapanth
Law in Action

Practice & Litigation Verticals

Eight areas where legal theory meets the courtroom — procedure, strategy, precedent and practice notes for every stage of a case.

Personal Law · Courts

Family Law Litigation

Marriage, divorce, succession and personal law disputes — navigating India's pluralist family justice system across Hindu, Muslim, Christian and secular law.

  • Marriage under Personal Laws & SMA 1954
  • Divorce, Judicial Separation & Dissolution
  • Maintenance & Alimony (S.125 BNSS)
  • Guardianship, Custody & Welfare of Child
  • Succession, Inheritance & Probate
CPC · Civil Courts

Civil Litigation

From plaint to decree — mastering the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, interim reliefs, the appellate ladder and execution of decrees.

  • CPC Pleadings, Plaint & Written Statement
  • Interim Injunctions (Order 39 CPC)
  • Framing of Issues & Trial
  • Appeals, Revisions & Review
  • Execution of Decrees & Limitation Act
BNSS 2023 · Criminal Courts

Criminal Litigation

Defence and prosecution strategy under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 — FIR to acquittal, with practice notes on bail, remand and appeals.

  • FIR, Zero FIR & Investigation
  • Bail: Regular, Anticipatory & Default
  • BNSS Trial Procedure & Charge Framing
  • Examination of Witnesses & Evidence
  • Criminal Appeals, Revision & Quashing
CPA 2019 · Consumer Forums

Consumer Protection

Adjudication before District, State and National Consumer Commissions — from complaint to compensation, including e-commerce and product liability claims.

  • Consumer Protection Act 2019 Framework
  • District / State / National Commission
  • Deficiency of Service & Unfair Trade Practices
  • Product Liability & Manufacturer's Duty
  • E-commerce & Online Consumer Disputes
Tort Law · MACT · Tribunals

Torts & Compensation

Civil wrongs, motor accident tribunals and India's evolving strict liability doctrine — from Rylands v Fletcher to the absolute liability rule in MC Mehta.

  • Negligence, Duty of Care & Causation
  • Absolute Liability (MC Mehta, 1987)
  • MACT Claims & Compensation
  • Medical Negligence & Consumer Forums
  • Environmental Torts & Nuisance
Art. 32 · Art. 226 · HC & SC

Writs & Constitutional Remedies

The five constitutional writs — filing, maintainability, locus standi and the expanding scope of judicial review under Articles 32 and 226.

  • Habeas Corpus — Detention & Liberty
  • Mandamus — Compelling Public Duty
  • Certiorari & Prohibition
  • Quo Warranto — Public Office
  • Judicial Review & Locus Standi
PIL · Epistolary Jurisdiction

Public Interest Litigation

From Hussainara Khatoon to Vishaka — PIL as India's most powerful instrument for systemic legal reform, with full procedural and strategic guidance.

  • Epistolary Jurisdiction & Letter Petitions
  • PIL Standing — Who Can File & When
  • Landmark PILs & Constitutional Impact
  • Court-Appointed Commissioners
  • Limits, Abuse & Frivolous PIL Doctrine
A&C Act 1996 · Mediation 2023

Arbitration & ADR

Alternative dispute resolution — drafting arbitration clauses, institutional rules (SIAC / ICC), the new Mediation Act 2023 and enforcement of awards in India.

  • Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996
  • Mediation Act 2023 & Online Mediation
  • Domestic vs International Arbitration
  • SIAC, ICC, DIAC & MCIA Rules
  • Award Enforcement & S.34 Challenges
Step by Step

Procedural Pathways

The trial process, end to end — civil and criminal. Know every stage before you enter a courtroom.

Civil Procedure CPC 1908
01
File Plaint (Order 7 CPC)
Plaint must contain cause of action, valuation, prayer and verification. Court fee paid at filing.
Order 7 Rule 1
02
Summons to Defendant
Court issues summons for written statement within 30 days (extendable to 90 days max).
Order 5
03
Written Statement Filed
Defendant denies averments, raises preliminary objections, and may plead set-off or counter-claim.
Order 8
04
Framing of Issues
Court identifies disputed questions of fact and law that determine the outcome of the suit.
Order 14
05
Evidence & Arguments
Examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination. Documentary evidence exhibited.
Orders 18 & 19
06
Judgment & Decree
Court pronounces judgment; decree signed separately. Decree is executable against defendant.
Order 20
07
Appeal / Execution
First appeal lies to HC (S.96); second appeal on substantial question of law (S.100). Execution under Order 21.
S.96 / S.100 / Order 21
Criminal Procedure BNSS 2023
01
FIR / Complaint Filed
FIR at police station (S.173 BNSS) or complaint before Magistrate. Zero FIR transferable.
S.173 BNSS
02
Police Investigation & Chargesheet
Investigation completed; chargesheet filed within 60 days (Magistrate) or 90 days (Sessions) of arrest.
S.193 BNSS
03
Cognizance by Magistrate
Magistrate takes cognizance of chargesheet or complaint, issues process (summons/warrant).
S.210–214 BNSS
04
Bail Application
Bail sought on merits or as default bail (statutory) if chargesheet not filed within time limit.
S.479–482 BNSS
05
Charges Framed
Specific charges framed against accused. Accused pleads guilty or claims trial.
S.251–265 BNSS
06
Trial & Evidence
Prosecution leads evidence; defence cross-examines. Accused examined under S.351 BNSS.
S.316–353 BNSS
07
Judgment & Appeal
Conviction/acquittal. Appeal to Sessions (from Magistrate) or HC (from Sessions). S.374 appeal.
S.415–430 BNSS
Practitioner Tools

Quick Reference

Essential tables and checklists for courtroom-ready practitioners and exam-ready students.

Limitation Periods
Article / Action Period From When
Suit for money (contract) 3 years Cause of action
Suit on judgment / decree 12 years Date of decree
Suit for immovable property 12 years Adverse possession begins
First Appeal from decree (S.96) 30 / 90 days Date of decree
Execution of decree 12 years Decree becomes enforceable
Consumer complaint 2 years Cause of action (CPA 2019)
🔑 Bail Types at a Glance
Regular Bail — S.480 BNSS
Sought after arrest, at any stage of trial. Court considers gravity, criminal antecedents, flight risk and evidence tampering.
After Arrest
Anticipatory Bail — S.482 BNSS
Filed before arrest when apprehension of arrest exists. Sessions Court or HC has jurisdiction. Conditions may be imposed.
Before Arrest
Default / Statutory Bail — S.479 BNSS
Indefeasible right if chargesheet not filed within 60 days (Magistrate) or 90 days (Sessions) of arrest and remand.
Indefeasible Right
Interim Bail
Temporary bail granted pending hearing of the main bail application. Discretionary, often with conditions.
Temporary
📜 Writ Jurisdiction
Supreme Court — Article 32
Fundamental Rights violations only. Right to move SC is itself a Fundamental Right and cannot be suspended except during Emergency.
FR Only
High Court — Article 226
Wider jurisdiction — any legal right, not just Fundamental Rights. HC can issue writs against any person or authority within its territorial jurisdiction.
Any Right
Concurrent Jurisdiction
Both SC and HC can issue the same writs. SC may decline if HC remedy not exhausted first (Budhia Swain doctrine). PIL lies before both.
Concurrent
Five Writs
Habeas Corpus · Mandamus · Certiorari · Prohibition · Quo Warranto
Art. 32 & 226
Jump To

Navigate directly to any practice area — procedural guides, notes and case analysis await.

Stay Current

Get Litigation & Procedure Updates

Weekly digest of SC/HC procedural rulings, PIL updates, BNSS developments and practice notes — directly in your inbox.

No spam · Unsubscribe anytime · DPDP 2023 compliant